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Nominative and accusative

Subject or object? Greek shows it through the noun and its article. The key rule: the masculine drops its -ς.

What cases do

The nominative names the subject — who acts. The accusative marks the object — who receives the action. Because of cases, word order stays free: Ο Νίκος βλέπει τον Γιάννη says who sees whom, whatever the order.

Ο Νίκος
βλέπει
τον Γιάννη
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Complete: Βλέπω ___ φίλο.

What cases do

The nominative names the subject — who acts. The accusative marks the object — who receives the action. Because of cases, word order stays free: Ο Νίκος βλέπει τον Γιάννη says who sees whom, whatever the order.

  • Ο σκύλος βλέπει τη γάτα.The dog sees the cat.
  • Ο Νίκος βλέπει τον Γιάννη.Nikos sees Yannis.
  • Η Μαρία θέλει έναν καφέ.Maria wants a coffee.

The masculine drops its -ς

One rule covers every masculine: the nominative ends in -ς, the accusative drops it, and the article becomes τον. The feminine keeps its form (the article becomes την/τη); the neuter never changes at all.

  • Βλέπω τον φίλο μου.I see my friend.
  • Περιμένω τον πατέρα μου.I’m waiting for my father.
  • Ξέρω τη μητέρα σου.I know your mother.
  • Διαβάζω το βιβλίο.I’m reading the book.
γένοςονομαστικήαιτιατική
αρσενικόο φίλοςτον φίλο
αρσενικόο μαθητήςτον μαθητή
θηλυκόη μητέρατη μητέρα
ουδέτεροτο βιβλίοτο βιβλίο

τον, την… or τη? The final -ν

την keeps its -ν before a vowel or κ, π, τ, ξ, ψ (and μπ, ντ, γκ, τσ, τζ): την πόλη, τη θάλασσα. For masculine τον, modern usage keeps it almost always — keeping it is never wrong.

  • Βλέπω την Άννα.I see Anna.
  • Ακούω τη μουσική.I’m listening to the music.

After με, σε, για, από

The everyday prepositions take the accusative. σε merges with the article: σε + τον → στον, σε + την → στην, σε + το → στο.

  • Πάω στο σχολείο.I go to school.
  • Ένα δώρο για τον Νίκο.A present for Nikos.

Your turn

Put the noun phrase into the accusative.

Pyetjet e bëra shpesh

What is the difference between nominative and accusative in Greek?

The nominative names the subject, the accusative the object: «Ο Νίκος βλέπει τον Γιάννη» (Nikos sees Yannis). Because the cases show who does what, the word order can move without changing the meaning.

What happens to a masculine noun when it becomes the object?

It drops its «-ς» and the article becomes «τον»: «ο φίλος» gives «Βλέπω τον φίλο μου» (I see my friend). Feminines keep their form («την/τη»), and neuters never change at all.

Which case follows the prepositions «με», «σε», «για», «από»?

Always the accusative: «Πάω στο σχολείο» (I'm going to school), «Ένα δώρο για τον Νίκο» (a present for Nikos), «Καφές με γάλα» (coffee with milk). And «σε» merges with the article: «σε» + «το» gives «στο».