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Relative clauses

Defining or non-defining: one comma changes the meaning of the whole sentence, and it is the distinction almost nobody punctuates correctly.

Relative clauses

What the comma does

Without a comma the relative restricts: «Οι φοιτητές που πέρασαν θα εγγραφούν» — only those who passed. With a comma it adds information about all of them: «Οι φοιτητές, που πέρασαν, θα εγγραφούν» — they all passed, and all will enrol. Two sentences, two different facts.

  • Οι φοιτητές που πέρασαν θα εγγραφούν.The students who passed will enrol.
  • Οι φοιτητές, που πέρασαν, θα εγγραφούν.The students, who all passed, will enrol.
  • Ο αδελφός μου που ζει στο Λονδίνο είναι γιατρός.My brother who lives in London is a doctor.
  • Ο αδελφός μου, που ζει στο Λονδίνο, είναι γιατρός.My brother, who lives in London, is a doctor.
τύποςστίξηλειτουργίαπαράδειγμα
προσδιοριστικήχωρίς κόμμαπεριορίζει το σύνολοΟι φοιτητές που πέρασαν θα εγγραφούν.
παραθετικήμε κόμματαπροσθέτει σχόλιοΟι φοιτητές, που πέρασαν, θα εγγραφούν.
ελεύθερη—χωρίς όρο αναφοράςΌποιος θέλει, ας έρθει.
με «ό,τι»—ουδέτερο, «αυτό που»Πες μου ό,τι ξέρεις.

Special cases

Ό,τι (with the comma above) means “whatever / the thing that”; ότι without it is the conjunction “that”. One mark apart, two incompatible functions. Free relatives — όποιος, όσος, ό,τι — have no antecedent: they contain it.

The same topic at other levels

Pyetjet e bëra shpesh

What does a comma change in a Greek relative clause?

It changes the meaning. Without a comma the clause restricts: «Οι φοιτητές που πέρασαν θα εγγραφούν» (only those who passed). With a comma it adds information about all of them: they all passed.

What is the difference between ότι and ό,τι?

One mark separates two incompatible functions: «ότι» is the conjunction “that” («Ξέρω ότι ήρθε», I know that he came), while «ό,τι» means “whatever” («Πάρε ό,τι θέλεις», take whatever you want).

What is a free relative in Greek?

A relative with no antecedent: «όποιος», «όσος» and «ό,τι» already contain it. «Όποιος θέλει, ας έρθει» (whoever wants to may come) needs no noun in front of it.